Liver function

Various types of tasks undertaken by the liver, performed by hepatocytes. Until now has not found any other organ or an artificial organ or device capable of replacing all the functions of the liver. Some liver function can be replaced with the liver dialysis process, but the technology is still being developed for the treatment of patients with liver failure.
As the glands, the liver produces:
1. ½ liters of bile that reaches every day. Bile is a greenish liquid and bitter taste, derived from hemoglobin in red blood cells which have been older, which is then stored in the gallbladder or excreted into the duodenum. Bile contains cholesterol, mineral salts, bile salts, pigments bilirubin and biliverdin. Bile secretion is useful for digesting fats, activate lipases, help power the absorption of fat in the intestine, and change the substance is not soluble in water into substances that are soluble in water. If the bile ducts in liver congestion, bile into the blood circulation so that the sufferer becomes yellowish skin. That man is said to suffer from jaundice.
2. most amino acids
3. coagulation factors I, II, V, VII, IX, X, XI
4. protein C, protein S and anti-thrombin.
5. triglycerides through the trajectory lipogenesis
6. cholesterol
7. insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), a protein polypeptide that plays an important role in body growth in childhood and still have anabolic effects in adults.
8. arginase enzyme that converts Arginine into ornintina and urea. Ornintina formed can bind NH and CO ² ³ which is poisonous.
9. trombopoietin, a glycoprotein hormone that controls blood-chip production by the bone marrow.
10. In the initial quarter of growth of the fetus, the liver is the principal organ of synthesis of red blood cells, to reach around the spinal cord is able to take over this task.
11. albumin, the major osmolar component in blood plasma.
12. angiotensinogen, a hormone that acts to increase blood pressure when activated by renin, an enzyme secreted by the kidneys when blood pressure is suspected to lack the juxtaglomerular apparatus.
13. oxaloasetat glutamate-transferase enzyme, glutamate-pyruvate transferase and dehydrogenase lactat
In addition to the process of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle such as the cell in general, the liver also plays a role in the metabolism of other carbohydrates:
1. Gluconeogenesis, glucose synthesis from several substrate amino acids, lactic acid, non-ester fatty acid and glycerol. In humans and several species of mammals, this process is not able to convert glycerol into glucose. Trajectory is accelerated by the hormone insulin along with the tri-iodotironina through accretion rate of Cori cycle.
2. Glycogenolysis, the path for the catabolism of glycogen to glucose and then released into the blood as a response to the growing need for energy by the body. The hormone glucagon is a major stimulator of both glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis path menghindarikan Symptom body from hypoglycemia. In mouse models, deficiency of glucagon will inhibit this second path, but to improve glucose tolerance. This path, together with the trajectory gluconeogenesis in the gastrointestinal tract is controlled by the hypothalamus gland.
3. Glikogenesis, trajectory anabolisme glycogen from glucose.
and on the track catabolism:
1. degradation of red blood cells. Hemoglobin contained in them is broken down into iron, globin, and heme. Globin iron and recycled, whereas the heme was reorganized to become metabolite excreted with bile as bilirubin and biliverdin are bluish green. In the intestine, bile substance is oxidised into urobilin so that feces and urine yellowish color.
2. degradation of insulin and several other hormones.
3. degradation of ammonia into urea
4. degradation of toxins with detoxification path, such as methylation.
The liver also reserve some substance, besides glycogen:
1. vitamin A (reserve 1-2 years)
2. vitamin D (reserve 1-4 months)
3. Vitamin B12 (reserve 1-3 years)
4. substance nesi
5. copper substances.
The liver also plays a role in the immune system with a number of immunological cells in the system functioning as a filter retikuendotelial antigens that are carried to the liver via the liver portal system. Phase displacement of the phase of primary infection becomes acute phase, marked by the liver by lowering the secretion of albumin and increased fibrinogen secretion. Prolonged acute phase will result in hypoalbuminemia and hiperfibrinogenemia Symptom.